All animals are equal - Peter Singer
Ø 目標：嘗試指出speciation inside "animal" 的不當。以及將species 的平等觀念推廣 Ø What is to be a human?
Ø Discrimination 的原由：the latent prejudice of our attitude
Ø Liberation movement: "the expansion of moral horizon" (higher tolerance) and the reinterpretation of the basic moral principles of equality
Ø Thomas Taylor 提出 Mary Wollstonecraft 的 Vindication of the Rights of Women in 1972 內的觀點，不只應用於婦女權益運動上，還可用於其他動物上
Ø 反對的觀點：人之所以有種種的權益在於人有意識去做一種/件事
Ø 權利會建基於本來的"物件"的不同 eg. Female might have the right to abortion. But impossible to ask for a pig for the right to vote.
Ø "Equal consideration for different beings may lead to different treatment and different rights."
Ø Things are unequal by natural. And the demand for equality based on the actual equality of all human beings should be stopped and unjustifiable.
Ø Individual is being taking as consideration
Ø Equality is not based on intelligence, moral capacity, physical strength, or similar matters of fact.
Ø 從Bentham 的classical utilitarism: "Each to count for one and none for more than one." to Henry Sidgwick's later utilitarism: "The good of any one individual is of no more importance, from the point of view of the Universe, than the good of any other."
Ø "If possessing a higher degree of intelligence does not entitle one human to use another for his own ends, how can it entitle humans to exploit nonhumans?"
Ø Difficult in applying the "new" basic principle of equal consideration of interests, in some form or other.
Ø "The capacity for suffering and enjoying things is a prerequisite for having interests at all, a condition that must be satisfied before we can speak of interests in any meaningful way."
Ø Eating animals as a means for the serving of some other ends: taste, nutritional value
Ø Argument on vivisection, animals suffer but why the orphaned human infant. (infant may developed to certain beings: the fallacy of origin)
Ø Singer's critics on the current philosophy's value based on human only. Propose
Ø "all humans are equal" 這個命題的難題：Putting the natural differences between humans as only a small factor as premises. This will also come and encounter the non-dividable between human and non-human.
Ø "All men are to be treated as equals, not because they are equal, in any respect, but simply because they are human. They are human because they have emotions and desires, and are able to think, and hence are capable of enjoying a good life in a sense in which other animals are not." William Frankena's "The Concept of Social Justice"
Ø "the intrinsic dignity of the human individual". Only human has ends in itself.
Ø Treating imbecile as taking from blind man. Same as dogs: taking advantage of an isolated defect.
Ø Discrimination 的原由：the latent prejudice of our attitude
Ø Liberation movement: "the expansion of moral horizon" (higher tolerance) and the reinterpretation of the basic moral principles of equality
Ø Thomas Taylor 提出 Mary Wollstonecraft 的 Vindication of the Rights of Women in 1972 內的觀點，不只應用於婦女權益運動上，還可用於其他動物上
Ø 反對的觀點：人之所以有種種的權益在於人有意識去做一種/件事
Ø 權利會建基於本來的"物件"的不同 eg. Female might have the right to abortion. But impossible to ask for a pig for the right to vote.
Ø "Equal consideration for different beings may lead to different treatment and different rights."
Ø Things are unequal by natural. And the demand for equality based on the actual equality of all human beings should be stopped and unjustifiable.
Ø Individual is being taking as consideration
Ø Equality is not based on intelligence, moral capacity, physical strength, or similar matters of fact.
Ø 從Bentham 的classical utilitarism: "Each to count for one and none for more than one." to Henry Sidgwick's later utilitarism: "The good of any one individual is of no more importance, from the point of view of the Universe, than the good of any other."
Ø "If possessing a higher degree of intelligence does not entitle one human to use another for his own ends, how can it entitle humans to exploit nonhumans?"
Ø Difficult in applying the "new" basic principle of equal consideration of interests, in some form or other.
Ø "The capacity for suffering and enjoying things is a prerequisite for having interests at all, a condition that must be satisfied before we can speak of interests in any meaningful way."
Ø Eating animals as a means for the serving of some other ends: taste, nutritional value
Ø Argument on vivisection, animals suffer but why the orphaned human infant. (infant may developed to certain beings: the fallacy of origin)
Ø Singer's critics on the current philosophy's value based on human only. Propose
Ø "all humans are equal" 這個命題的難題：Putting the natural differences between humans as only a small factor as premises. This will also come and encounter the non-dividable between human and non-human.
Ø "All men are to be treated as equals, not because they are equal, in any respect, but simply because they are human. They are human because they have emotions and desires, and are able to think, and hence are capable of enjoying a good life in a sense in which other animals are not." William Frankena's "The Concept of Social Justice"
Ø "the intrinsic dignity of the human individual". Only human has ends in itself.
Ø Treating imbecile as taking from blind man. Same as dogs: taking advantage of an isolated defect.
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